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153 Risultati
Digitizing firms: skills, work organization and the adoption of new enabling technologies
28-08-2020
Cirillo Valeria, Fanti Lucrezia, Mina Andrea, Ricci Andrea
New enabling technologies are shaping the transformation of production activities. This process of change is characterised by growing digitization, inter-connectivity and automation. The diffusion of new technologies is, however, very uneven, and firms display different adoption patterns. By using the panel component of the RIL-Inapp survey wave of 2018, we explore the patterns and determinants of new technology adoption in a large representative sample of Italian firms. We build our theoretical framework on the nexus between technology and the quality and organisation of work. We then provide novel econometric evidence on the positive effects of human capital and training.
Evaluating hiring incentives: evidence from Italian firms
31-07-2020
Brunetti Irene, Martino Enrica M., Ricci Andrea
This paper analyses the effect of hiring incentives on firms’ employment. At this aim, we use micro-data drawn from Rilevazione su Imprese Lavoro (RIL), a survey conducted by Inapp in 2010, 2015 and 2018 on a representative sample of limited liability and partnership firms. Applying a policy evaluation framework, we demonstrate that the use of incentives causes a significant increase of the share of newly hired workers in the shortrun. Moreover, we show that the overall positive effect of hiring incentives are driven by industrial sector rather than services one. Finally, these results are robust to econometric methods that controls for both firms’ unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity issues.
What drives employment-unemployment transitions? Evidence from Italian task-based data
23-07-2020
Cassandro Nicola, Centra Marco, Esposito Piero, Guarascio Dario
Relying on a unique longitudinal integrated database supplying micro-level information on labor market transitions (concerning the 2011-2017 period) and occupation task characteristics (e.g. routine-task intensity), this paper provides fresh evidence of the determinants of unemployment risk in Italy. We find that workers employed in routineintensive occupations do not display – on average – higher unemployment risks than the rest of the workforce. However, on distinguishing between cognitive and manual tasks, it turns out that workers employed in occupations entailing a large proportion of routine cognitive tasks (such as workers employed in service occupations as cashiers or call-center operators) are in fact exposed to a relatively higher risk of becoming unemployed.
All that glitters is not gold. Influence of working from home on income inequality at the time of Covid - 19
02-07-2020
Bonacini Luca, Gallo Giovanni, Scicchitano Sergio
The recent global Covid-19 pandemic forced most of governments in developed countries to introduce severe measures limiting people mobility freedom in order to contain the infection spread. Consequently, working from home (WFH) procedures became of great importance for a large part of employees, since they represent the only option to both continue working and keep staying home. Based on influence function regression methods, our paper explores the role of WFH attitude across labour income distribution in Italy. Results show that increasing WFH attitudes of occupations would lead to a rise of wage inequality among Italian employees.
Sanità di base e di emergenza. Risorse, opinioni degli italiani e livelli essenziali
10-06-2020
Bergamante Francesca, Canal Tiziana, Marucci Marco
L’emergenza sanitaria legata al Covid-19 ha riaperto in modo prorompente il dibattito sul nostro Servizio sanitario nazionale, sottolineandone capacità e resilienza, ma anche debolezze strutturali complessive e di alcune realtà in modo specifico. Il contributo analizza la percezione della popolazione nei confronti del sistema sanitario a livello regionale, considerando la valutazione della sanità di base e di quella di emergenza utilizzando i dati dell’indagine Inapp PLUS 2018. I risultati delle analisi sono confrontati con la spesa regionale, con i dati sui posti letto disponibili, con gli indicatori sull’erogazione dei Livelli essenziali di assistenza sanitaria (LEA) e con indicatori relativi all’offerta ospedaliera.
Educational mismatches, routine biased technological change and unemployment: evidence from Italy
20-05-2020
Esposito Piero, Scicchitano Sergio
This paper investigates the relation between educational mismatches and individual unemployment risk in Italy with a special focus on the role of technological change and labour demand characteristics. A novel dataset obtained merging two surveys (ICP and PLUS) is used to build different measures of educational mismatch and a measure of routine intensity on Italy: the Routine Task Index. The latter takes into account the effect of Routine Biased Technical Change (RBTC) in determining educational mismatches and unemployment risk. The results indicate that over−education is significantly associated with higher unemployment risk.
Emergenza Covid-19 e tutela dell’occupazione non standard
30-04-2020
Filippi Michelangelo, Marocco Manuel, Quaranta Roberto, Ricci Andrea
L’emergenza sanitaria ha indotto il Governo italiano a introdurre un sistema di ammortizzatori sociali ‘speciali’ per tutelare il reddito dei lavoratori coinvolti dai provvedimenti di sospensione dell’attività economica. I dati dell’archivio delle Comunicazioni obbligatorie permettono di sviluppare una prima analisi dell’efficacia di questa azione di policy, sulla base dell’ipotesi che le condizioni del mercato del lavoro in Italia tra marzo e maggio 2019 fossero ‘analoghe’ a quelle che si sarebbero verificate, per lo stesso periodo nell’anno corrente, in assenza della crisi sanitaria e del conseguente lockdown delle attività produttive.
Italian workers at risk during the Covid-19 epidemic
16-04-2020
Barbieri Teresa, Basso Gaetano, Scicchitano Sergio
We analyse the content of Italian occupations operating in about 600 sectors with a focus on the dimensions that expose workers to contagion risks during the Covid-19 epidemics. To do so we leverage extremely detailed and granular information from ICP, the Italian equivalent of O*Net. We find that several sectors need physical proximity to operate: the workers employed in Italy in sectors whose physical proximity index is above the national average are more than 6.5 million (most of them in retail trade). Groups at risk of contagion and complications from Covid-19 (mainly male above the age of 50) work in sectors that are little exposed to physical proximity, currently under lockdown or can work remotely.
Education-occupation mismatch of migrants in the Italian labour market: the effect of social networks
09-03-2020
Van Wolleghem Pierre Georges, De Angelis Marina, Scicchitano Sergio
Whilst migration has become a structural feature of most European countries, the integration of foreigners in the labour market continues to raise concerns. Evidence across countries shows that migrants are more often over-educated than natives. This article has two objectives: it assesses the extent to which over-education affects migrants and it evaluates the role informal networks play in producing it. We find that foreigners are more over-educated than natives but that the role of networks is consistent across the two groups. Empirical evidence is drawn from the application of quantitative and counter-factual methods to PLUS 2018.
Il lavoro discontinuo di breve e brevissima durata in Italia nell’ultimo decennio: l’evidenza dei dati amministrativi
29-02-2020
Filippi Michelangelo, Marocco Manuel, Quaranta Roberto, Scicchitano Sergio
Sono trascorsi ormai di cinque anni dalla fine della crisi economica e il mercato del lavoro sembra essere profondamente cambiato. Il lavoro appare molto più discontinuo nel tempo rispetto al passato, con periodi di occupazione, il più delle volte inferiori a un anno, alternati a periodi di inattività, sotto-occupazione o disoccupazione. Il documento esamina l’andamento degli avviamenti al lavoro di breve e brevissima durata, facendo riferimento alle tipologie contrattuali che più di altre vengono utilizzate per impiegare lavoro discontinuo nel periodo compreso tra gennaio 2009 e marzo 2019. L’analisi è condotta con l’utilizzo dei dati amministrativi, a cadenza mensile, del Sistema Informativo Statistico delle Comunicazioni Obbligatorie (SISCO).
Dinamica occupazionale, retribuzioni e natura delle mansioni nella PA e nei settori del welfare. Evidenze dai dati Istat-RCFL e Inapp-ICP
31-12-2019
Barbieri Teresa, Centra Marco, Guarascio Dario
Proseguendo la linea tracciata da precedenti analisi Inapp concernenti la relazione tra cambiamento tecnologico, mansioni e dinamica occupazionale, si è inteso esplorare la dinamica occupazionale e retributiva dei settori della pubblica amministrazione e del welfare – comparando le performance di tali settori con quelle del resto dell’economia – fornendo, in aggiunta a ciò, un approfondimento specifico sul rischio di ‘disoccupazione tecnologica’ (e.g. sostituzione da parte di macchine o dispositivi informatici delle occupazioni caratterizzate da un tasso preponderante di mansioni ripetitive, codificabili e riproducibili) a cui sono esposti gli occupati impiegati in tali settori.
Incentivi per l’occupazione e contratto a tutele crescenti. Valutazione dell'impatto sulle cessazioni di rapporti di lavoro
11-12-2019
Centra Marco
Gli incentivi introdotti nel biennio 2015-2016 dalle leggi di stabilità per i rispettivi anni, finalizzati a favorire l'assunzione di lavoratori a tempo indeterminato, secondo uno studio dell'Inapp, hanno avuto un impatto rilevante, generando circa 900 mila assunzioni che, in assenza degli incentivi, avrebbero avuto una forma contrattuale diversa dal tempo indeterminato o non avrebbero avuto luogo. Il lavoro qui proposto intende valutare, prima della scadenza dei tre anni di agevolazione, se vi sia stata una flessione significativa della probabilità di cessazione dei rapporti di lavoro incentivati. La metodologia segue un'approccio controfattuale, identificando l'effetto degli incentivi sulla probabilità di cessazione entro 12 mesi dei rapporti di lavoro che hanno usufruito dello sgravio contributivo.
Skill gap, mismatch, and the dynamics of Italian companies’ productivity
29-10-2019
Fanti Lucrezia, Guarascio Dario, Tubiana Matteo
Relying on a unique integrated database, this work explores the relationship between labour productivity, on one side; intensity and characteristics of companies’ skills need and degree of skill mismatch, on the other. The analysis focuses on a representative sample of Italian limited liability companies observed during the years 2012, 2014 and 2017.
Developing coherent pension systems: design issues for private pension supplements to NDC schemes
30-08-2019
Price William
This paper reviews the design of private pensions alongside a notional defined contribution (NDC) – or public – component. A mix of public and private pensions is the best way to deliver a strong combination of five core outcomes: coverage, adequacy, sustainability, efficiency, and security. Choices for market structure, benefit type, contributions, and investment strategy can be guided by their impact on these outcomes. The clarity of an NDC formula allows the joint distribution of public and private pensions to be modeled – which can be crucial for optimal investment strategies given, for example, the negative correlation between real per capita gross domestic product growth and equity markets over long periods. NDC payout formulas have broad applications where annuity markets are weak.
Pensions in a globalizing world: how do (N)DC and (N)DB schemes fare and compare on portability and taxation?
11-08-2019
Genser Bernd, Holzmann Robert
Pensions and broader forms of retirement income do not stop at national borders. As part of globalization, individuals increasingly spend part of their working or retirement life abroad but want to keep or move their acquired rights, accumulated retirement assets, or benefits in payment freely across borders. This raises the issue of the portability and taxation of cross-border pensions in accumulation and disbursement. This paper addresses both portability and taxation issues from the angle of which type of pension scheme – defined benefits (DB) or defined contributions (DC) – is more aligned with globalization in establishing individual fairness, fiscal fairness, and bureaucratic efficiency. The paper shows that DC schemes tend to dominate DB schemes both at the level of portability and taxation.
The politics of NDC pension scheme diffusion: constraints and drivers
10-08-2019
Guardiancich Igor, Weaver R. Kent, Demarco Gustavo, Dorfman Mark C.
Nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) schemes offer governments desirable properties in terms of efficiency, fairness, and financial sustainability and an opportunity to deflect the blame for pension cuts. Yet adoptions of NDC schemes largely ground to a halt and several countries retreated from NDC implementation after legislation. Lack of support from powerful international actors is partly to blame, as is the perceived rigidity of NDC in reducing room for policy maneuver. Correct implementation requires substantial administrative capacity. Less demanding automatic stabilizing mechanisms undercut the appeal of NDC in the European Union. Thus, while being an important option for policy makers and a benchmark against which to measure alternative reforms, NDC is unlikely to become the dominant pension design choice anytime soon.
Setting up a communication package for the italian NDC
09-08-2019
Boeri Tito, Cozzolino Maria, Di Porto Edoardo
In the last 30 years the Italian pension system was repeatedly reformed and counter-reformed, increasing uncertainty about future pensions. A low level of financial literacy exacerbated this problem. In 2015, the Italian Social Security Institute (INPS) launched a project to allow all insured workers to have more precise information about their future benefits. This paper analyzes the results of a survey carried out to evaluate the project’s performance. The findings are encouraging – around 80 percent of respondents rate the INPS service as at least “very helpful.” Even if 42 percent of the sample overestimates their future pension, 16–29 percent reveal a willingness to change their expectation on retirement income after receiving new information.
Sweden’s fifteen years of communication efforts
08-08-2019
Boado-Penas Maria del Carmen, Settergren Ole, Ekheden Erland, Naka Poontavika
It is desirable that pension reforms and legislated rules have the backing of the population or at least are accepted by voters. With the objective of achieving “acceptance,” the Swedish Pensions Agency publishes an annual actuarial balance of the solvency of the whole public pension system and distributes to each participant information on his or her individual accumulated notional balance and funded accounts, movements during the year, and estimates of the projected individual future pension amount. This paper describes the Swedish pension experience in communication with pension participants over the last decade, together with the main changes in information delivered to improve individuals’ pension knowledge and help them make more informed, better decisions on work, savings, and retirement.
Information and financial literacy for socially sustainable NDC pension schemes
07-08-2019
Fornero Elsa, Oggero Noemi, Puglisi Riccardo
This paper is centered on the complementary roles played by pension communication/information and financial literacy for a sustainable and equitable nonfinancial defined contribution (NDC) system at both the micro and macro socioeconomic level. The paper presents new evidence on: (i) the concern of public opinion about pensions in five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), as approximated by Google Trends data; (ii) the relationship between measures of online search volume and coverage by traditional media (i.e., national newspapers); and (iii) the volume and framing of newspaper coverage for a specific reform (i.e., the 2011 Italian reform). On the demand (users) side, the paper considers pension literacy as an element to increase the effectiveness of reforms.